The Pyramid of the Sun in Teotihuacan
The Pyramid of the Sun is one of the most iconic and awe-inspiring structures in Mesoamerica. This monumental structure captivates scholars, and visitors from around the world with its mystery, size, and significance.
The Pyramid of the Sun is the largest pyramid in Teotihuacan and one of the largest pyramids in the world, it stands as a testament to the architectural genius of the Teotihuacanos, the civilization that built it around 200 CE.
Today, the Pyramid of the Sun attracts visitors from all over the world. Its sheer size, intricate history, and mystical aura make it a must-see for anyone interested in Mesoamerican culture and ancient architecture.
The Pyramid of the Sun is a symbol of the Teotihuacanos’ sophisticated understanding of astronomy, religion, and society. This pyramid is one of the greatest ancient wonders and part of Mexico’s rich cultural heritage.
The Construction and Design of the Pyramid of the Sun
The Pyramid of the Sun was constructed in 2 phases with a gap of a few decades.
The first phase occurred around 200 CE, bringing the pyramid to nearly its present size. The second phase added its final dimensions of 225 meters across and 75 meters high, making it the third-largest pyramid globally.
The base perimeter of the Pyramid of the Sun measures almost 795 meters (the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt is 146 meters in height), with an angle of slope of 32.5 degrees, giving it a distinctive, symmetrical shape.
The pyramid was constructed using volcanic stone and lime plaster.
The Pyramid of the Sun was once decorated with vibrant frescoes depicting powerful symbols such as jaguar heads, snake rattles, and stars, although the paintings and plaster have long since faded.
The Pyramid’s Alignment and Astronomical Significance
The Pyramid of the Sun was built with precise correspondence with celestial events. This fact indicates the understanding of astronomy by the Teotihuacan and their connection between the cosmos and religious practices.
The pyramid was built on a carefully selected spot in Teotihuacan. The pyramid aligns with the prominent Cerro Gordo mountain to the north, while also marking key positions of the sun during the equinoxes and solstices.
The central location of the Pyramid of the Sun, situated along the Avenue of the Dead between the Pyramid of the Moon and the Ciudadela, further emphasizes its importance in the urban planning of Teotihuacan.
The Sacred Cave Underneath the Pyramid
Beneath the Pyramid of the Sun lies a network of tunnels and caves. Archaeologists have long studied these underground chambers, which were believed to be of great spiritual significance for ancient habitats.
Some researchers suggest that the caves may have been a sacred space representing Chicomoztoc, often referred to as the “Place of the Seven Caves,” a significant location in Aztec and other Nahuatl-speaking cultures.
Chicomoztoc is believed to be the mythical birthplace of several cultures that later populated Central Mexico and Mesoamerica. The concept of Chicomoztoc is deeply woven into the fabric of religion and cosmology.
Mesoamerican mythology
Excavations led by archaeologist Rene Millon in 1959 revealed that these tunnels contained artifacts such as pottery, hearths, and items from other cultures, pointing to the diverse influences that shaped Teotihuacan.
In 1971, a 7-meter-deep pit was discovered at the pyramid’s base, further revealing the importance of the cave system. It is believed that the cave served as a site for rituals, possibly as a royal tomb or a place for offerings.
Recent investigations using muon detectors have suggested the potential presence of undiscovered chambers within the pyramid. However, time has made it difficult to fully understand the function of these chambers.
The Religious and Cultural Significance of the Pyramid
The Pyramid of the Sun was a focal point for Teotihuacan’s religious and political life. The pyramid likely venerated a deity, though the specific identity of this god remains a mystery due to the lack of written records.
The pyramid’s central location underscores its spiritual importance.
Caves, like the one beneath the pyramid, were considered sacred in Mesoamerican cultures. They were viewed as the “wombs of the Earth,” where life and creation originated.
In Aztec religion, caves were linked to the god of the Earth and the god of fire, which highlights the Teotihuacanos’ deep reverence for natural elements and their integration into the religious practices of the time.
Archaeological Discoveries and Artifacts
Excavations around the Pyramid of the Sun have unearthed a range of fascinating artifacts. Obsidian arrowheads, human figurines, and even the burial sites of children have been discovered around the pyramid.
Scholars suggest that these objects may have been used in sacrificial rituals.
These finds help to paint a picture of the spiritual and ceremonial life of Teotihuacan, where the construction of monumental structures like the Pyramid of the Sun was likely tied to complex religious rites.
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